German Payslip Explained: Fields, Deductions, and Codes

A German payslip is the payroll statement that shows how your salary moved from gross pay to net pay for a specific month. In Germany, the document is commonly labeled Lohnabrechnung or Gehaltsabrechnung, and both terms usually refer to the same practical record of earnings, deductions, tax settings, and payout details. If you want a German payslip explained in plain English, start with five items: gross pay, wage tax, social insurance deductions, tax class, and net pay. Many payslips also show employer-side contribution amounts for reference, but those employer amounts are not always money deducted from your own pay.

The most confusing abbreviations are usually tax and social insurance codes. LSt means wage tax. KV means health insurance, RV means pension insurance, AV means unemployment insurance, and PV means long-term care insurance. When learning how to read a German payslip, it helps to separate employee deductions from employer reference values: the employee side affects your take-home pay, while employer contribution lines often appear only to show the company's parallel cost.

A typical German payslip therefore answers three questions at once: what you earned, what was withheld, and what was actually paid out. Gross salary may be followed by taxable additions such as bonuses or allowances, then reduced by wage tax and social insurance deductions before arriving at net pay. Your net amount can still change even when gross salary stays the same, most often because of tax class, church tax, health insurance add-on rates, bonuses, corrections, and other one-off payroll adjustments.

How a German Lohnabrechnung Is Structured

A German payslip usually follows a predictable block order even when the layout changes by payroll provider. Read the document as blocks, not as one dense table:

1. Employer and employee details: issuer, employee, personnel number, cost center, tax ID, or social-insurance number.
2. Payroll period: the month or date range covered. Check this first before comparing two slips.
3. Tax and social-insurance status fields: tax class, church tax status, child allowance factors, health insurance details, and sometimes ELStAM, the electronic wage-tax characteristics used for withholding.
4. Earnings or gross pay block: base salary, hourly wages, overtime, bonuses, allowances, taxable benefits, and other amounts that build Brutto.
5. Deduction block: wage tax, solidarity surcharge where applicable, church tax where applicable, and employee social-insurance deductions.
6. Employer-side contribution references: often labeled Arbeitgeberanteil. These lines show employer cost, not money deducted from the employee's net pay.
7. Net pay, transfer amount, or final payout: the result after additions, deductions, and any advances, garnishments, reimbursements, or corrections.

The practical sequence is simple: confirm the payroll period, find gross pay, identify deductions, ignore Arbeitgeberanteil lines when estimating take-home pay, and then check the final net or transfer amount. If you also handle cross-border payroll records, how the Swiss Lohnausweis differs from a German payroll document is a useful comparison because the documents can look official in similar ways while serving different payroll and reporting purposes.

Which German Payslip Deductions Actually Come Out of Your Pay

The deduction area is where a German payslip usually looks most confusing, but the logic is straightforward: your gross salary is reduced by tax withholdings and employee social-insurance contributions. Those two groups are the core of Germany's gross-to-net payroll calculation. If you also see separate employer amounts elsewhere on the document, do not treat them as extra employee deductions. They are often shown for reporting purposes only.

The first group is tax withholdings:

• Lohnsteuer is wage tax, the main income-tax withholding taken directly from your monthly pay.
• Solidaritätszuschlag is a solidarity surcharge that may appear as a separate tax line, although for many employees it is low or not charged depending on income level and tax situation.
• Kirchensteuer is church tax. You will usually see it only if you are officially registered as a member of a tax-collecting religious community in Germany. If you are not registered that way, this line is normally absent or zero.

The second group is social-insurance contributions. These are the standard employee deduction lines most people will see on a German payslip:

• Krankenversicherung is health insurance.
• Rentenversicherung is pension insurance.
• Arbeitslosenversicherung is unemployment insurance.
• Pflegeversicherung is long-term care insurance.

These four lines are the main social deductions that reduce your take-home pay. On most German payslips, they appear as employee-side amounts deducted from gross salary before the final net amount is shown. Under the official BMAS overview of Germany's social insurance system, employees and employers generally each pay half of social insurance contributions, while statutory accident insurance is paid by the employer alone. That distinction matters because accident insurance may exist in the background of payroll costs without appearing as money taken from your wages.

A practical way to read this area is:

1. Start with Brutto or gross pay.
2. Subtract the tax lines: Lohnsteuer, plus any Solidaritätszuschlag and Kirchensteuer that apply to you.
3. Subtract the employee social-insurance lines: Krankenversicherung, Rentenversicherung, Arbeitslosenversicherung, and Pflegeversicherung.
4. The result is the net amount paid out, subject to any other specific adjustments shown on the payslip.

If your slip shows employer contributions next to employee contributions, read the labels carefully. Employee amounts reduce your net pay. Employer amounts usually do not. That employee-versus-employer split is one of the most important things to understand when reading German payslip deductions, because it explains why the page may list more contribution lines than the amounts actually coming out of your salary.

RV-Beitrag and RV-Brutto: What the Contribution and Gross Lines Mean

RV-Beitrag is the euro amount deducted from your pay for pension insurance. RV-Brutto is the slice of your gross pay that amount was calculated on. They are different numbers, and both appear on your payslip.

That pattern repeats across every social-insurance branch, which is why it is worth learning once. The letters name the insurance (KV, RV, AV, PV) and the suffix tells you what kind of figure follows:

• -Beitrag is the contribution: real money, shown in the deduction block, reducing your net pay. A line marked AN or Arbeitnehmer is your own share. A line marked AG or Arbeitgeber is the employer's parallel amount and does not come out of your pay.
• -Brutto is the assessment base, the Bemessungsgrundlage: the amount the percentage rate was applied to. It sits in or beside the earnings block, it is a reference figure rather than a deduction, and it is very often lower than the gross salary you expected to see.

So a payslip showing RV-Brutto 6.862,00 and then RV-Beitrag 638,17 is not contradicting itself and is not printing the same figure twice. The second number is 9.3 percent of the first.

The 2026 contribution rates behind each Beitrag line

The rate most often quoted online is the combined employer-plus-employee rate, and it is the wrong one to hold against your own payslip. Your RV-Beitrag is calculated with 9.3 percent, not 18.6.

Branch	Combined 2026 rate	Your share as employee	Employer share
RV, Rentenversicherung	18.6%	9.3%	9.3%
AV, Arbeitslosenversicherung	2.6%	1.3%	1.3%
KV, Krankenversicherung	14.6% general rate plus your fund's Zusatzbeitrag	7.3% plus half the Zusatzbeitrag	7.3% plus half the Zusatzbeitrag
PV, Pflegeversicherung	3.6%	1.8% before the adjustments below	1.8%

Three details decide whether those headline shares are actually the ones on your slip:

• The Zusatzbeitrag is set by your own health insurer, not by the state. Employer and employee split it equally, so it adds half its value to your KV-Beitrag. The figure of 2.9 percent published for 2026 is a statutory average used as a benchmark for certain calculations, not the rate most people pay. Check the rate your Krankenkasse charges, which is usually printed in the payslip's status fields.
• The childless surcharge is yours alone. From the end of the month in which you turn 23, the Pflegeversicherung rate rises by 0.6 percentage points if you have no children, and the employer does not share it (§ 55 and § 58 SGB XI). That takes a childless employee's PV share to 2.4 percent while the employer stays at 1.8.
• Children reduce it, and Saxony increases it. The rate falls by 0.25 percentage points for each child from the second to the fifth, for as long as that child is under 25. And if your place of work is in Saxony, you bear one percentage point of the PV contribution alone, which works out as 2.3 percent for you against 1.3 percent for the employer.

These are employee-side adjustments, so they change your deduction without changing the employer reference line beside it. If your PV-Beitrag looks different from a colleague's on identical pay, this is almost always why.

Why one payslip shows several different gross amounts

The multiple Brutto lines are not a formatting quirk of your payroll provider. German law requires them. Under § 1 of the Entgeltbescheinigungsverordnung, a payslip has to present the earnings totals as taxable wage (steuerpflichtiger Arbeitslohn), social-insurance gross (Sozialversicherungsbruttoentgelt) and overall gross (Gesamtbruttoentgelt), and the social-insurance figure may be shown separately by insurance branch where the branches differ. The same provision requires every individual pay line to be marked for which of those totals it feeds. The underlying right to a statement showing the period covered and the composition of your pay comes from § 108 of the Gewerbeordnung.

Payslip label	What it is	What it is used to calculate	Why it can differ from the others
Gesamtbrutto, Gesamtbruttoentgelt	Everything you earned this period, including tax-free and contribution-free items	Nothing directly. It is the complete earnings total for the period	It is normally the largest of the four, because it includes items the tax and insurance bases leave out
Steuer-Brutto, steuerpflichtiger Arbeitslohn	The part of your pay that is subject to wage tax	Lohnsteuer, and with it Solidaritätszuschlag and Kirchensteuer	Tax-free allowances and salary conversion into a pension come out of it, so it is normally below Gesamtbrutto
SV-Brutto KV/PV	The part subject to health and long-term care contributions	KV-Beitrag and PV-Beitrag	It stops rising at the lower of the two contribution ceilings
SV-Brutto RV/AV	The part subject to pension and unemployment contributions	RV-Beitrag and AV-Beitrag	It stops rising at the higher ceiling, so above a certain salary it exceeds the KV/PV base

Three mechanisms account for essentially every difference you will see between them:

1. Each pay line is flagged separately. A bonus, a tax-free commuting subsidy, a company car benefit and a shift premium are each marked for whether they count toward tax, toward social insurance, toward both, or toward neither. The totals are just those flags added up, which is why one unusual earnings line can move one Brutto and leave the others alone.
2. The two contribution ceilings are different. In 2026 the Beitragsbemessungsgrenze is 8,450 euros a month, or 101,400 a year, for pension and unemployment insurance, and 5,812.50 a month, or 69,750 a year, for health and long-term care insurance. Above those points the relevant base freezes while Gesamtbrutto keeps climbing, so a higher earner's four gross figures fan out. The separate eastern and western ceilings were abolished at the start of 2025, so a single set of values now applies across Germany.
3. Tax-free is not the same as contribution-free. The two systems use different rules, and an item can be exempt under one and liable under the other. That is the usual reason Steuer-Brutto and SV-Brutto differ even for an employee well below every ceiling.

The everyday case of that third point is Entgeltumwandlung, converting part of your salary into a company pension. It is neutral for Gesamtbrutto, so your headline gross does not move, but it reduces both the tax base and the contribution base. The catch is that the two reliefs are not the same size: the tax exemption runs to 8 percent of the pension ceiling, 8,112 euros for 2026, while the contribution exemption stops at 4 percent, 4,056 euros. Convert more than the smaller limit and the excess is still contribution-liable, which pushes SV-Brutto above Steuer-Brutto. Where the conversion does save the employer contributions, the employer has to pass 15 percent of the converted amount back to you as a subsidy.

What this looks like on an actual payslip

The block below is an illustrative private-sector payslip with invented figures, for an employee on 7,200 euros a month who converts 500 euros into a company pension, receives a tax-free travel subsidy, has one child and is insured with a fund charging a 2.9 percent Zusatzbeitrag. Amounts use German number formatting, where the dot separates thousands and the comma marks decimals.

Abrechnung der Brutto-/Nettobezüge        Abrechnungszeitraum: 06/2026
Steuerklasse: I   Kinder: 1   KiSt: nein   Zusatzbeitrag KK: 2,90 %

BRUTTOBEZÜGE
  Grundgehalt                lfd.                    7.200,00   [1]
  Fahrtkostenzuschuss        lfd.  st-frei sv-frei      58,00   [2]
                                                   -----------
  Gesamtbrutto                                       7.258,00   [3]
  Steuer-Brutto                                      6.700,00   [4]
  SV-Brutto RV/AV                                    6.862,00   [5]
  SV-Brutto KV/PV                                    5.812,50   [6]

GESETZLICHE ABZÜGE
  Lohnsteuer                 lfd.                    1.543,16
  Solidaritätszuschlag       lfd.                        0,00   [7]
  KV-Beitrag AN     8,75 %                             508,59   [8]
  PV-Beitrag AN     1,80 %                             104,63
  RV-Beitrag AN     9,30 %                             638,17   [9]
  AV-Beitrag AN     1,30 %                              89,21
                                                   -----------
  Gesetzliches Netto                                 4.374,24  [10]

NETTOBE-/ABZÜGE
  Entgeltumwandlung bAV                               -500,00  [11]
                                                   ===========
  Auszahlungsbetrag                                  3.874,24  [12]

Reading the markers in order:

• [1] lfd. is short for laufend, a recurring payment for the current period, as opposed to einmalig or sonstiger Bezug for a one-off such as a bonus or a back payment. The flag is not decoration: recurring and one-off pay are taxed by different methods, so the payslip has to say which one each line is.
• [2] A tax-free and contribution-free employer travel subsidy. It is money you receive, so it belongs in Gesamtbrutto, but st-frei and sv-frei mean it is excluded from every other base.
• [3] Gesamtbrutto is simply 7.200,00 plus 58,00. Note what it does not do: the 500 euros this employee converts into a company pension leave it untouched, which is the first thing that surprises people reading this block.
• [4] Steuer-Brutto removes the tax-free subsidy and the whole conversion, because 500 euros sits inside the monthly tax-free allowance of 676 euros.
• [5] SV-Brutto RV/AV removes the subsidy but only 338 euros of the conversion, one twelfth of the annual contribution-free limit. The remaining 162 euros stays contribution-liable, which is exactly why this figure is higher than Steuer-Brutto.
• [6] SV-Brutto KV/PV would also have been 6.862,00, except that health and care contributions stop at 5.812,50 a month. The gap between [5] and [6] is the ceiling and nothing else.
• [7] Many employees at this income level see no solidarity surcharge at all. A zero line here is normal, not an error.
• [8] 7.3 percent plus half of the fund's 2.9 percent Zusatzbeitrag gives 8.75 percent, applied to the capped base at [6].
• [9] 9.3 percent of [5]: the employee half of the 18.6 percent pension rate. This is the RV-Beitrag, and [5] is its RV-Brutto. Neither number makes sense without the other.
• [10] Gesamtbrutto less tax and less the four employee contributions.
• [11] The converted salary leaves after the net calculation, because it goes to the pension provider rather than to your account.
• [12] The amount that actually reaches your bank.

If you can locate these twelve points on your own Lohnabrechnung, the rest of the document is labels and identifiers.

Why Your Net Pay Changes Even When Gross Pay Does Not

If your Brutto stays the same but your Netto changes, the payslip is not necessarily wrong. In most cases, the difference comes from one of three places: a tax-status change, a payroll-event change, or a deduction-rate change. The quickest way to check is to put two payslips side by side and compare the tax markers first, then the earnings lines, then the deduction lines.

A common reason is a change in Steuerklasse, the tax class shown on German payslips. Steuerklasse mainly affects Lohnsteuer withholding, so a move from one class to another can noticeably increase or reduce the wage-tax amount even if your gross salary has not changed. If your net pay suddenly dropped or rose, look near the employee tax details section for the tax class marker and compare whether the listed Steuerklasse is the same on both payslips. If it changed, that is usually a tax-status issue, not a payroll error.

Here is the quick reference most readers need:

• Class I: Usually used for single, divorced, separated, or widowed employees who do not qualify for Class II relief.
• Class II: Used by eligible single parents and usually reduces withholding compared with Class I.
• Class III: Often used by a married employee or civil partner when the other spouse or partner is in Class V, so withholding on this payslip is usually lower.
• Class IV: Common default for married employees or civil partners when both are taxed more evenly.
• Class V: The companion to Class III and usually shows higher withholding on this payslip.
• Class VI: Used for a second or additional job and typically produces the highest withholding.

These class numbers change withholding, not your contractual gross salary, which is why they can change net pay even when base pay stays the same.

Church-tax status can also change your net pay. If Kirchensteuer applies or stops applying, the deduction lines will shift even when gross earnings are identical. The same is true for long-term care insurance in some cases, especially where different Pflegeversicherung rates apply. These changes usually show up in the deductions area rather than the earnings area, so the gross amount may look stable while take-home pay moves.

Health insurance can create smaller but real month-to-month changes too. German statutory health insurers can have different add-on rates, and if your payroll setup reflects a revised Zusatzbeitrag, the social-insurance deductions may change. In that case, the payslip usually points to a deduction-rate change rather than a change in salary itself.

The other major category is payroll events. Bonuses, overtime, shift pay, one-off payments, retroactive adjustments, or corrections can all change net pay even if your base salary line looks unchanged. These items often appear as separate earnings lines, sometimes only for one month. If one payslip includes an extra payment or a correction entry and the other does not, the net difference is usually event-driven rather than tax-driven.

Here is a practical way to read the change:

• Tax-status change: Check Steuerklasse, church-tax status, and other tax markers. If these changed, expect different Lohnsteuer or Kirchensteuer amounts.
• Payroll-event change: Check for bonuses, overtime, one-time payments, reimbursements, or correction lines in the earnings section.
• Deduction-rate change: Check health insurance, pension, unemployment, and long-term care deduction lines for changed amounts even where gross pay is steady.
• Reference-only information: Some fields are identifiers or period details and do not by themselves explain a lower net amount.

This document-first approach is usually more reliable than guessing from the final net figure alone. If you want a cross-country point of reference, this article on how UK payslip deductions and codes compare in English shows how similar questions appear in another payroll system.

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German Payslip Abbreviations and Codes Glossary

If you are trying to decode German payslip abbreviations, remember that there is no single universal layout. One Lohnabrechnung may show short codes such as LSt or RV, while another may print the full German term. The safest approach is to match the payroll concept, not just the exact label. Treat this as a quick English reference that explains what each item is doing on the document.

Pay totals

Payslip label	Full German term	Plain-English meaning	What it represents on the payslip
Brutto	Bruttolohn or Bruttoentgelt	Gross pay	Your earnings before tax and employee social insurance deductions are taken out. This is the starting point for most calculations.
Netto	Nettolohn or Nettoentgelt	Net pay or take-home pay	The amount actually paid to your bank account after deductions and any additions or reimbursements.

Brutto and Netto are the two anchor terms most readers look for first. If your gross pay stays the same but your net amount changes, the reason usually sits in the tax, insurance, or adjustment lines below.

Tax abbreviations

Payslip label	Full German term	Plain-English meaning	What it represents on the payslip
LSt	Lohnsteuer	Wage tax	The main payroll tax withheld from your salary. The amount depends on taxable pay, tax class, and other payroll inputs.
SolZ	Solidaritätszuschlag	Solidarity surcharge	A surcharge linked to wage tax. Many employees see little or none, but it may still appear as a line or code.
KiSt	Kirchensteuer	Church tax	A payroll tax collected for members of certain recognized churches. If it applies, it is usually shown as its own deduction line.

On some payslips, LSt may appear as Lohnsteuer in full, and KiSt may be missing entirely if church tax does not apply to you. The key is to read these as tax withholdings, not employer costs.

Social insurance abbreviations

Payslip label	Full German term	Plain-English meaning	What it represents on the payslip
KV	Krankenversicherung	Health insurance	Your employee contribution to statutory health insurance. It is deducted from pay if you are in the statutory system.
RV	Rentenversicherung	Pension insurance	Your contribution to the public pension system. This is a standard deduction for most employees.
AV	Arbeitslosenversicherung	Unemployment insurance	Your contribution to unemployment insurance. It helps fund unemployment benefits and related support.
PV	Pflegeversicherung	Long-term care insurance	Your contribution to long-term care insurance. This often appears next to health insurance because the systems are closely linked.

These four codes are among the most common German payslip abbreviations because they appear on many payrolls every month. They are employee deductions when shown in the deductions area, but employers also pay separate employer-side contributions that may be listed elsewhere or not shown in the same way.

Prefixes, suffixes, and status markers

The branch codes above tell you which insurance a line belongs to. These attachments tell you what kind of figure it is, and they are the part most readers get stuck on because the same three letters can head two lines carrying very different numbers.

Payslip label	Full German term	Plain-English meaning	What it represents on the payslip
-Beitrag, as in RV-Beitrag	Beitrag	Contribution	The euro amount actually contributed. In the deduction block with AN, it is money out of your pay.
-Brutto, as in RV-Brutto	Bruttoentgelt	Gross, assessment base	The amount the contribution was calculated on. A reference figure, never a deduction.
Gesamtbrutto	Gesamtbruttoentgelt	Total gross	Everything earned in the period, including tax-free and contribution-free items.
Steuer-Brutto, StBrutto	Steuerpflichtiger Arbeitslohn	Taxable gross	The base for wage tax, church tax, and the solidarity surcharge.
SV-Brutto	Sozialversicherungsbruttoentgelt	Social-insurance gross	The base for contributions. Often split into KV/PV and RV/AV lines because the ceilings differ.
Bemessungsgrundlage, BMG	Bemessungsgrundlage	Assessment base	A general term for whichever figure a percentage was applied to.
BBG	Beitragsbemessungsgrenze	Contribution ceiling	The income cap above which contributions stop increasing.
lfd.	Laufender Bezug	Current, recurring	Ordinary pay for this period. Taxed by the regular monthly method.
einmalig, sonst. Bezug	Einmalzahlung, sonstiger Bezug	One-off payment	A bonus, back payment, or other non-recurring item, taxed by a different method.
St-frei, stfr.	Steuerfrei	Tax-free	Not part of taxable gross. It may still be liable for social insurance.
SV-frei, svfr.	Sozialversicherungsfrei	Contribution-free	Not part of social-insurance gross. It may still be taxable.
AN-Anteil, AN	Arbeitnehmeranteil	Employee share	Your own contribution. This reduces your net pay.
AG-Anteil, AG, AG-Zuschuss	Arbeitgeberanteil	Employer share	The company's parallel amount, shown for reference. Not deducted from you.
bAV, betr. AV	Betriebliche Altersvorsorge	Company pension	A workplace pension line, employer-funded, employee-funded, or both.
Entgeltumwandlung, EU-Umwandlung	Entgeltumwandlung	Salary conversion	Salary redirected into a company pension. Lowers the tax and contribution bases, not Gesamtbrutto.
VWL, VB	Vermögenswirksame Leistungen	Capital-forming benefits	The same item as VL below, printed under a different abbreviation.
Nachverrechnung, Rückrechnung	Nachverrechnung	Retroactive correction	A recalculation of an earlier period, appearing in the current month.
Auszahlungsbetrag	Auszahlungsbetrag	Payout amount	The final transfer to your bank, which can be lower than Netto if net deductions follow.

Other lines you may see

• SV: Short for Sozialversicherung, or social insurance. Some payslips use it as a summary label rather than naming each insurance line in the same way.
• VL or Vermögenswirksame Leistungen: Capital-forming benefits. If your employer offers them, this line refers to a savings or investment contribution linked to your payroll.
• YTD, cumulative, or reference totals: These lines show totals for the year or another running period. They are useful for review and reporting, but they are not additional current-month deductions.

How to read them in context

Read each code by where it appears on the page:

• If a line reduces your take-home pay, it is usually a deduction tied to tax or employee insurance.
• If a label sits near Brutto, it often helps explain how gross earnings were built up, such as base salary, bonus, or allowances.
• If a term sits near Netto, it usually helps explain why the final payout is higher or lower than expected.
• If the document shows full German words instead of codes, the meaning is still the same. Lohnsteuer equals LSt, and Krankenversicherung equals KV.

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Which German Payslip Fields Matter for Translation, Reporting, and Extraction

For reporting or extraction, capture the employee identifier, pay period, gross pay, net pay, tax class, employee deduction lines, employer reference amounts, and any year-to-date totals. Keep the original German label beside a normalized English field name so reviewers can confirm whether a value came from Lohnsteuer, Kirchensteuer, Solidaritätszuschlag, Krankenversicherung, Rentenversicherung, or an employer-side reference line.

The biggest operational mistake is flattening everything into one generic deduction column. German payslips often show employee deductions and employer contributions close to each other, even though they serve different reporting purposes. If those amounts are mixed together, translated payroll summaries can overstate what was withheld from the employee and distort net-pay analysis. When the source is a PDF, a structured workflow for extracting structured payroll fields from PDF payslips into Excel is usually safer than copying visible totals by hand.

A reusable capture checklist should record:

• Raw German label and normalized English field name
• Amount, currency, and pay period
• Whether the value is current-month, year-to-date, or a reference total
• Whether the line is an employee deduction, employer reference amount, earning, or total
• Source file, page reference, and notes when the line needs extra context

For automation, test whether the output preserves raw labels, normalized field names, line category, pay period, source file, and page traceability. The goal is a dataset that stays auditable after translation, reporting, and reconciliation.